Role of BNP levels on the prognosis of decompensated advanced heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is a condition with poor outcome, especially in advanced cases. Determination of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels is useful in the diagnosis of cardiac decompensation and has also been proving useful in the prognostic evaluation. OBJECTIVES: To verify whether BNP levels are able to identify patients with a poorer outcome and whether it is an independent prognostic factor considering age, gender, cardiac and renal functions, as well as the cause of heart disease. METHODS: 189 patients in functional class III/IV advanced HF were studied. All had systolic dysfunction and had their BNP levels determined during hospitalization. Variables related to mortality were studied using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: BNP levels were higher in patients who died in the first year of follow-up (1,861.9 versus 1,408.1 pg/dL; p = 0.044) and in chagasic patients (1,985 versus 1,452 pg/mL; p = 0.001); the latter had a higher mortality rate in the first year of follow-up (56% versus 35%; p = 0.010). The ROC curve analysis showed that the BNP level of 1,400 pg/mL was the best predictor of events; high levels were associated with lower LVEF (0.23 versus 0.28; p = 0.002) and more severe degree of renal dysfunction (mean urea 92 versus 74.5 mg/dL; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: In advanced HF, high BNP levels identified patients at higher risk of a poorer outcome. Chagasic patients showed higher BNP levels than those with heart diseases of other causes, and have poorer prognosis.

Papel dos níveis de BNP no prognóstico da insuficiência cardíaca avançada descompensada / Role of BNP levels on the prognosis of decompensated advanced heart failure

FUNDAMENTO: A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é doença que cursa com má evolução, especialmente naqueles com IC avançada. A dosagem de peptídeo natriurético tipo B(BNP), ao lado da utilidade no diagnóstico da descompensação cardíaca, vem se mostrando útil na avaliação prognóstica. OBJETIVOS: Verificar se os níveis de BNP identificam quais pacientes evoluiriam pior e se o BNP seria fator independente de mortalidade considerando-se idade, sexo, funções cardíaca e renal e etiologia da cardiopatia. MÉTODOS: 189 pacientes com IC avançada em classe funcional III/IV foram estudados. Todos tinham disfunção sistólica e dosaram-se os níveis de BNP na hospitalização. Analisaram-se as variáveis relacionadas com a mortalidade através de análises univariada e multivariada. RESULTADOS: Os níveis de BNP foram mais elevados nos pacientes que morreram no primeiro ano de seguimento (1.861,9 versus 1.408,1 pg/dL; p = 0,044) e nos chagásicos (1.985 versus 1.452 pg/mL; p = 0,001), e esses pacientes chagásicos tiveram maior mortalidade no primeiro ano de seguimento (56% versus 35%; p = 0,010). Pela curva ROC, o valor de BNP de 1.400 pg/mL foi o melhor preditor de eventos, estando os valores elevados associados a FEVE mais baixa (0,23 versus 0,28; p = 0,002) e maior grau de disfunção renal (ureia média 92 versus 74,5 mg/dL; p = 0,002). CONCLUSÃO: Na IC avançada, os níveis elevados de BNP identificam pacientes com maior potencial de pior evolução. Os pacientes chagásicos apresentam níveis mais elevados de BNP do que as outras etiologias e têm pior evolução.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is a condition with poor outcome, especially in advanced cases. Determination of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels is useful in the diagnosis of cardiac decompensation and has also been proving useful in the prognostic evaluation. OBJECTIVES: To verify whether BNP levels are able to identify patients with a poorer outcome and whether it is an independent prognostic factor considering age, gender, cardiac and renal functions, as well as the cause of heart disease. METHODS: 189 patients in functional class III/IV advanced HF were studied. All had systolic dysfunction and had their BNP levels determined during hospitalization. Variables related to mortality were studied using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: BNP levels were higher in patients who died in the first year of follow-up (1,861.9 versus 1,408.1 pg/dL; p = 0.044) and in chagasic patients (1,985 versus 1,452 pg/mL; p = 0.001); the latter had a higher mortality rate in the first year of follow-up (56% versus 35%; p = 0.010). The ROC curve analysis showed that the BNP level of 1,400 pg/mL was the best predictor of events; high levels were associated with lower LVEF (0.23 versus 0.28; p = 0.002) and more severe degree of renal dysfunction (mean urea 92 versus 74.5 mg/dL; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: In advanced HF, high BNP levels identified patients at higher risk of a poorer outcome. Chagasic patients showed higher BNP levels than those with heart diseases of other causes, and have poorer prognosis.

Re-hospitalizações e morte por insuficiência cardíaca: índices ainda alarmantes / Hospital readmissions and death from heart failure: rates still alarming

FUNDAMENTO: Os pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) que necessitam ser hospitalizados para compensação constituem grupo de maior gravidade, que evoluem com alta mortalidade e alta taxa de re-hospitalizações. OBJETIVO: Procuramos avaliar a atual história natural da IC por meio da taxa de mortalidade e de re-hospitalizações, nessa nova era do bloqueio neuro-hormonal. MÉTODOS: Acompanhamos a evolução de 263 pacientes com FE média de 27,1 por cento, internados para compensação, entre janeiro de 2005 e outubro de 2006. Foram hospitalizados somente os pacientes que após avaliação e medicação no PS não estavam em condições de ter alta. Os pacientes encontravam-se em CF III/IV, a idade média foi de 59,9±15,2 anos, a maioria homens e 63,1 por cento necessitaram de inotrópicos para compensação na fase aguda. RESULTADOS: O tempo médio de internação foi de 25,1±16,7 dias. Durante a internação 23 (8,8 por cento) morreram. Após a alta, no período médio de seguimento de 370 dias, dos 240 que tiveram alta, 123 (51,2 por cento) procuraram o PS de 1 a 12 vezes (total de passagens: 350), sendo 76 re-internados, sendo a média de dias da re-hospitalização de 23,5±18,0. No primeiro ano de seguimento 62 (25,8 por cento) pacientes morreram. CONCLUSÃO: A IC continua evoluindo com alta mortalidade e alta taxa de re-hospitalização. Ao final do primeiro ano 44,5 por cento desses pacientes não necessitaram passar no PS ou morreram, números que indicam que devemos continuar dando grande atenção aos portadores de IC, na tentativa de mudar a história natural dos portadores dessa síndrome, cada vez mais freqüente.

BACKGROUND: Patients who require hospitalization because of decompensated HF represent a group of the most seriously ill individuals who evolve with high mortality and hospital readmission rates. OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the current natural course of HF by analyzing mortality and readmission rates in this new era of neurohormonal blockage. METHODS: We followed the progress of 263 patients with a mean EF of 27.1 percent, admitted for decompensated HF between January 2005 and October 2006. Patients readmitted were only those whose health status precluded discharge after assessment and drug treatment in the Emergency Department. Patients were classified as HF-FC III/IV, mean age was 59.9±15.2 years, most were men, and 63.1 percent required inotropic drugs for cardiac compensation in the acute phase. RESULTS: Average hospital stay was 25.1±16.7 days. During hospitalization, 23 (8.8 percent) patients died. After discharge, over an average follow-up period of 370 days, of the 240 patients who were discharged 123 (51.2 percent) returned to the Emergency Department 1 to 12 times (total number of visits: 350); 76 of them were readmitted, and the average length of readmission stay was 23.5±18.0 days. Over the first year of follow-up, 62 (25.8 percent) patients died. CONCLUSIONS: HF remains a condition associated with high mortality and high hospital readmission rates. At the end of the first year, 44.5 percent of these patients had not needed to visit the ER or had died, which indicates that we should provide HF patients with the best possible care in an attempt to change the natural course of this increasingly frequent syndrome.

Hospital readmissions and death from Heart Failure--rates still alarming.

BACKGROUND: Patients who require hospitalization because of decompensated HF represent a group of the most seriously ill individuals who evolve with high mortality and hospital readmission rates. OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the current natural course of HF by analyzing mortality and readmission rates in this new era of neurohormonal blockage. METHODS: We followed the progress of 263 patients with a mean EF of 27.1%, admitted for decompensated HF between January 2005 and October 2006. Patients readmitted were only those whose health status precluded discharge after assessment and drug treatment in the Emergency Department. Patients were classified as HF-FC III/IV, mean age was 59.9+/-15.2 years, most were men, and 63.1% required inotropic drugs for cardiac compensation in the acute phase. RESULTS: Average hospital stay was 25.1+/-16.7 days. During hospitalization, 23 (8.8%) patients died. After discharge, over an average follow-up period of 370 days, of the 240 patients who were discharged 123 (51.2%) returned to the Emergency Department 1 to 12 times (total number of visits: 350); 76 of them were readmitted, and the average length of readmission stay was 23.5+/-18.0 days. Over the first year of follow-up, 62 (25.8%) patients died. CONCLUSIONS: HF remains a condition associated with high mortality and high hospital readmission rates. At the end of the first year, 44.5% of these patients had not needed to visit the ER or had died, which indicates that we should provide HF patients with the best possible care in an attempt to change the natural course of this increasingly frequent syndrome.

[Serum NT-proBNP levels are a prognostic predictor in patients with advanced heart failure]. / O nível sérico de NT-proBNP é um preditor prognóstico em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada.

OBJECTIVE: To verify if the determination of NT-proBNP values would help predict the prognosis in advanced heart failure (HF) patients. METHODS: One hundred and five subjects with average age of 52.4 years were evaluated, 66.6% of them males. Thirty-three (32.0%) subjects were outpatients and 70 (67.9%) were inpatients (functional class III/IV) admitted to the hospital for cardiac compensation. All patients had left ventricular systolic dysfunction and a mean ejection fraction of 0.29. The NT-proBNP levels were measured in all patients and they were followed-up over a period from 2 to 90 days (average 77 days). A ROC curve was drawn to determine the best cut-off point, as well as the corresponding Kaplan-Meyer survival curves. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 22 patients died. The average NT-proBNP value of the patients who remained alive was 6,443.67+/-6,071.62 pg/ml, whereas that of those who died was 14,609.66+/-12,165.15 pg/ml (p=0.001). The ROC curve identified a cut-off point at 6,000 pg/ml with 77.3% sensitivity (area under the curve: 0.74). The survival curve for values below and above 6,000 pg/ml was significantly different (p=0.002): patients with values below 6,000 pg/ml had a 90.2% 90-day survival, and those patients with values above, a 66% survival. CONCLUSION: Patients with advanced HF, especially those admitted to the hospital for cardiac compensation, had much higher NT-proBNP values, with a two-fold increase among those who died during the follow-up period. Values above 6,000 pg/ml identify the patients most likely to die within 90 days after hospital discharge.

O nível sérico de NT-proBNP é um preditor prognóstico em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada / Serum NT-proBNP levels are a prognostic predictor in patients with advanced heart failure

OBJETIVO: Verificar se a dosagem de NT-proBNP seria de auxílio na predição do prognóstico de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) avançada. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 105 pacientes: 33 (32,0 por cento) do ambulatório e 70 (67,9 por cento) em classe funcional III/IV, hospitalizados para compensação cardíaca, com média de idade de 52,4 anos, dos quais, 66,6 por cento homens. Todos tinham disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo sendo a fração de ejeção média de 0,29. Em todos dosou-se o NT-proBNP e foram acompanhados por um período de 2 a 91 dias (média 77 dias). Construiu-se a curva ROC para determinação do melhor nível de corte e curvas de sobrevida Kaplan-Meyer de acordo com esse nível. RESULTADOS: Durante o período de seguimento, 22 pacientes (20,9 por cento) morreram. O NT-proBNP médio dos pacientes vivos foi de 6.443,67±6.071,62 pg/ml e dos que morreram foi de 14.609,66±12.165,15 pg/ml (p=0,001). A curva ROC identificou nível de corte de 6.000 pg/ml com sensibilidade de 77,3 por cento (área da curva de 0,74). A curva de sobrevida para valores abaixo e acima de 6.000 pg/ml diferiu significantemente (p=0,002) com os pacientes com valores abaixo de 6.000 pg/ml apresentando sobrevida de 90,2 por cento em 90 dias e os pacientes com valores superiores, sobrevida de 66,6 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes. com IC avançada, especialmente os internados para compensação, apresentam valores muito aumentados de NT-proBNP, sendo estes duas vezes mais elevados entre os que morreram no seguimento. Valor acima de 6.000 pg/ml identifica grupo de pacientes com alta probabilidade de morrer em 90 dias após a alta hospitalar.

Cardiologistas de um hospital escola adotam as diretrizes para o tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca? / Do cardiologists at a university hospital adopt the guidelines for the treatment of heart failure?

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether the guidelines for the treatment of heart failure have been adopted at a university hospital. The guidelines recommend the following: use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for all patients with systolic ventricular dysfunction, use of digitalis and diuretics for symptomatic patients, use of beta-blockers for patients in functional classes II or III, use of spironolactone for patients in functional classes III or IV. METHODS: We analyzed the prescriptions of 199 patients. All these patients had ejection fraction (EF) <=0.50, their ages ranged from 25 to 86 years, and 142 were males. Cardiomyopathy was the most frequent diagnosis: 67 (33.6 percent) patients had dilated cardiomyopathy, 65 (32.6 percent) had ischemic cardiomyopathy. RESULTS: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were prescribed for 93 percent of the patients. 71.8 percent also had a prescription for digitalis, 86.9 percent for diuretics, 27.6 percent for spironolactone, 12 percent for beta-blockers, 37.2 percent for acetylsalicylic acid, 6.5 percent for calcium channel antagonists, and 12.5 percent for anticoagulants. In regard to vasodilators, 71 percent of the patients were using captopril (85.2mg/day), 20 percent enalapril (21.4mg/day), 3 percent hydralazine and nitrates. In 71.8 percent of the cases, the dosages prescribed were in accordance with those recommended in the large studies. CONCLUSION: Most patients were prescribed the same doses as those recommended in the large studies. Brazilian patients tolerate well the doses recommended in the studies, and that not using these doses may be a consequence of the physician's fear of prescribing them and not of the patient's intolerance